Отправка электронной почты через gmail и python

Question

Каков рекомендуемый способ отправки писем с помощью gmail и python?

Существует много потоков SO, но большинство из них старые, а также smtp с именем пользователя & пароль больше не работает или пользователь должен понизить безопасность своих gmail (например, см. here).

Является ли OAuth рекомендуемым способом?

Answer 1

Ответ показывает, как отправлять электронную почту с помощью API gmail и python. Также обновлен ответ на отправку писем с приложением.

Gmail API & OAuth -> не нужно сохранять имя пользователя и пароль в скрипте.

В первый раз, когда скрипт открывает браузер для авторизации сценария и будет хранить учетные данные локально (он не будет хранить имя пользователя и пароль). Последующие прогоны не понадобятся браузеру и могут отправлять электронные письма прямо.

С помощью этого метода вы не получите ошибки, как SMTPException ниже, и нет никакой необходимости, чтобы обеспечить доступ для менее защищенных приложений:

raise SMTPException("SMTP AUTH extension not supported by server.") 
smtplib.SMTPException: SMTP AUTH extension not supported by server. 

Вот шаги для отправки электронной почты с помощью GMAIL API:

(Мастер ссылка here, Подробнее here)

Шаг 2: Установите библиотеку Google Client

pip install --upgrade google-api-python-client 

Шаг 3: Используйте следующий скрипт для отправки электронной почты (просто изменить переменные в главной функции)

import httplib2 
import os 
import oauth2client 
from oauth2client import client, tools 
import base64 
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart 
from email.mime.text import MIMEText 
from apiclient import errors, discovery 
import mimetypes 
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage 
from email.mime.audio import MIMEAudio 
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase 

SCOPES = 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.send' 
CLIENT_SECRET_FILE = 'client_secret.json' 
APPLICATION_NAME = 'Gmail API Python Send Email' 

def get_credentials(): 
    home_dir = os.path.expanduser('~') 
    credential_dir = os.path.join(home_dir, '.credentials') 
    if not os.path.exists(credential_dir): 
     os.makedirs(credential_dir) 
    credential_path = os.path.join(credential_dir, 
            'gmail-python-email-send.json') 
    store = oauth2client.file.Storage(credential_path) 
    credentials = store.get() 
    if not credentials or credentials.invalid: 
     flow = client.flow_from_clientsecrets(CLIENT_SECRET_FILE, SCOPES) 
     flow.user_agent = APPLICATION_NAME 
     credentials = tools.run_flow(flow, store) 
     print('Storing credentials to ' + credential_path) 
    return credentials 

def SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, attachmentFile=None): 
    credentials = get_credentials() 
    http = credentials.authorize(httplib2.Http()) 
    service = discovery.build('gmail', 'v1', http=http) 
    if attachmentFile: 
     message1 = createMessageWithAttachment(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, attachmentFile) 
    else: 
     message1 = CreateMessageHtml(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain) 
    result = SendMessageInternal(service, "me", message1) 
    return result 

def SendMessageInternal(service, user_id, message): 
    try: 
     message = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=message).execute()) 
     print('Message Id: %s' % message['id']) 
     return message 
    except errors.HttpError as error: 
     print('An error occurred: %s' % error) 
     return "Error" 
    return "OK" 

def CreateMessageHtml(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain): 
    msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative') 
    msg['Subject'] = subject 
    msg['From'] = sender 
    msg['To'] = to 
    msg.attach(MIMEText(msgPlain, 'plain')) 
    msg.attach(MIMEText(msgHtml, 'html')) 
    return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(msg.as_string())} 

def createMessageWithAttachment(
    sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, attachmentFile): 
    """Create a message for an email. 

    Args: 
     sender: Email address of the sender. 
     to: Email address of the receiver. 
     subject: The subject of the email message. 
     msgHtml: Html message to be sent 
     msgPlain: Alternative plain text message for older email clients   
     attachmentFile: The path to the file to be attached. 

    Returns: 
     An object containing a base64url encoded email object. 
    """ 
    message = MIMEMultipart('mixed') 
    message['to'] = to 
    message['from'] = sender 
    message['subject'] = subject 

    messageA = MIMEMultipart('alternative') 
    messageR = MIMEMultipart('related') 

    messageR.attach(MIMEText(msgHtml, 'html')) 
    messageA.attach(MIMEText(msgPlain, 'plain')) 
    messageA.attach(messageR) 

    message.attach(messageA) 

    print("create_message_with_attachment: file: %s" % attachmentFile) 
    content_type, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(attachmentFile) 

    if content_type is None or encoding is not None: 
     content_type = 'application/octet-stream' 
    main_type, sub_type = content_type.split('/', 1) 
    if main_type == 'text': 
     fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb') 
     msg = MIMEText(fp.read(), _subtype=sub_type) 
     fp.close() 
    elif main_type == 'image': 
     fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb') 
     msg = MIMEImage(fp.read(), _subtype=sub_type) 
     fp.close() 
    elif main_type == 'audio': 
     fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb') 
     msg = MIMEAudio(fp.read(), _subtype=sub_type) 
     fp.close() 
    else: 
     fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb') 
     msg = MIMEBase(main_type, sub_type) 
     msg.set_payload(fp.read()) 
     fp.close() 
    filename = os.path.basename(attachmentFile) 
    msg.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=filename) 
    message.attach(msg) 

    return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string())} 


def main(): 
    to = "to@address.com" 
    sender = "from@address.com" 
    subject = "subject" 
    msgHtml = "Hi<br/>Html Email" 
    msgPlain = "Hi\nPlain Email" 
    SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain) 
    # Send message with attachment: 
    SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, '/path/to/file.pdf') 

if __name__ == '__main__': 
    main() 

Подсказка для запуск этого кода в Linux, без браузера:
Если в вашей среде linux нет браузера для завершения процесса авторизации в первый раз, вы можете запустить один раз на вашем ноутбуке (Mac или Windows), а затем скопируйте учетные данные на конечную Linux-машину. Полномочия, как правило, хранятся в следующей назначения:

~/.credentials/gmail-python-email-send.json 

Answer 2

Я изменил это следующим образом работать с Python3, вдохновленный Python Gmail API 'not JSON serializable'

import httplib2 
import os 
import oauth2client 
from oauth2client import client, tools 
import base64 
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart 
from email.mime.text import MIMEText 
from apiclient import errors, discovery 

SCOPES = 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.send' 
CLIENT_SECRET_FILE = 'client_secret.json' 
APPLICATION_NAME = 'Gmail API Python Send Email' 

def get_credentials(): 
    home_dir = os.path.expanduser('~') 
    credential_dir = os.path.join(home_dir, '.credentials') 
    if not os.path.exists(credential_dir): 
     os.makedirs(credential_dir) 
    credential_path = os.path.join(credential_dir, 'gmail-python-email-send.json') 
    store = oauth2client.file.Storage(credential_path) 
    credentials = store.get() 
    if not credentials or credentials.invalid: 
     flow = client.flow_from_clientsecrets(CLIENT_SECRET_FILE, SCOPES) 
     flow.user_agent = APPLICATION_NAME 
     credentials = tools.run_flow(flow, store) 
     print('Storing credentials to ' + credential_path) 
    return credentials 

def SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain): 
    credentials = get_credentials() 
    http = credentials.authorize(httplib2.Http()) 
    service = discovery.build('gmail', 'v1', http=http) 
    message1 = CreateMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain) 
    SendMessageInternal(service, "me", message1) 

def SendMessageInternal(service, user_id, message): 
    try: 
     message = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=message).execute()) 
     print('Message Id: %s' % message['id']) 
     return message 
    except errors.HttpError as error: 
     print('An error occurred: %s' % error) 

def CreateMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain): 
    msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative') 
    msg['Subject'] = subject 
    msg['From'] = sender 
    msg['To'] = to 
    msg.attach(MIMEText(msgPlain, 'plain')) 
    msg.attach(MIMEText(msgHtml, 'html')) 
    raw = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(msg.as_bytes()) 
    raw = raw.decode() 
    body = {'raw': raw} 
    return body 

def main(): 
    to = "to@address.com" 
    sender = "from@address.com" 
    subject = "subject" 
    msgHtml = "Hi<br/>Html Email" 
    msgPlain = "Hi\nPlain Email" 
    SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain) 

if __name__ == '__main__': 
    main() 

Answer 3

Вот это +3,6 код Python (и объяснения), которые необходимы для отправки электронной почты без (или с) вложением.

(Для отправки с приложением только раскомментировать 2 строки сильфонные ## without attachment и комментарий 2 строки сильфонные ## with attachment)

Все кредит (и до-голосования) в Apadana

import httplib2 
import os 
import oauth2client 
from oauth2client import client, tools 
import base64 
from email import encoders 

#needed for attachment 
import smtplib 
import mimetypes 
from email import encoders 
from email.message import Message 
from email.mime.audio import MIMEAudio 
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase 
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage 
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart 
from email.mime.text import MIMEText 
from email.mime.application import MIMEApplication 
#List of all mimetype per extension: http://help.dottoro.com/lapuadlp.php or http://mime.ritey.com/ 

from apiclient import errors, discovery #needed for gmail service 




## About credentials 
# There are 2 types of "credentials": 
#  the one created and downloaded from https://console.developers.google.com/apis/ (let's call it the client_id) 
#  the one that will be created from the downloaded client_id (let's call it credentials, it will be store in C:\Users\user\.credentials) 


     #Getting the CLIENT_ID 
      # 1) enable the api you need on https://console.developers.google.com/apis/ 
      # 2) download the .json file (this is the CLIENT_ID) 
      # 3) save the CLIENT_ID in same folder as your script.py 
      # 4) update the CLIENT_SECRET_FILE (in the code below) with the CLIENT_ID filename 


     #Optional 
     # If you don't change the permission ("scope"): 
      #the CLIENT_ID could be deleted after creating the credential (after the first run) 

     # If you need to change the scope: 
      # you will need the CLIENT_ID each time to create a new credential that contains the new scope. 
      # Set a new credentials_path for the new credential (because it's another file) 
def get_credentials(): 
    # If needed create folder for credential 
    home_dir = os.path.expanduser('~') #>> C:\Users\Me 
    credential_dir = os.path.join(home_dir, '.credentials') # >>C:\Users\Me\.credentials (it's a folder) 
    if not os.path.exists(credential_dir): 
     os.makedirs(credential_dir) #create folder if doesnt exist 
    credential_path = os.path.join(credential_dir, 'cred send mail.json') 

    #Store the credential 
    store = oauth2client.file.Storage(credential_path) 
    credentials = store.get() 

    if not credentials or credentials.invalid: 
     CLIENT_SECRET_FILE = 'client_id to send Gmail.json' 
     APPLICATION_NAME = 'Gmail API Python Send Email' 
     #The scope URL for read/write access to a user's calendar data 

     SCOPES = 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.send' 

     # Create a flow object. (it assists with OAuth 2.0 steps to get user authorization + credentials) 
     flow = client.flow_from_clientsecrets(CLIENT_SECRET_FILE, SCOPES) 
     flow.user_agent = APPLICATION_NAME 

     credentials = tools.run_flow(flow, store) 

    return credentials 




## Get creds, prepare message and send it 
def create_message_and_send(sender, to, subject, message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file): 
    credentials = get_credentials() 

    # Create an httplib2.Http object to handle our HTTP requests, and authorize it using credentials.authorize() 
    http = httplib2.Http() 

    # http is the authorized httplib2.Http() 
    http = credentials.authorize(http)  #or: http = credentials.authorize(httplib2.Http()) 

    service = discovery.build('gmail', 'v1', http=http) 

    ## without attachment 
    message_without_attachment = create_message_without_attachment(sender, to, subject, message_text_html, message_text_plain) 
    send_Message_without_attachement(service, "me", message_without_attachment, message_text_plain) 


    ## with attachment 
    # message_with_attachment = create_Message_with_attachment(sender, to, subject, message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file) 
    # send_Message_with_attachement(service, "me", message_with_attachment, message_text_plain,attached_file) 

def create_message_without_attachment (sender, to, subject, message_text_html, message_text_plain): 
    #Create message container 
    message = MIMEMultipart('alternative') # needed for both plain & HTML (the MIME type is multipart/alternative) 
    message['Subject'] = subject 
    message['From'] = sender 
    message['To'] = to 

    #Create the body of the message (a plain-text and an HTML version) 
    message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_plain, 'plain')) 
    message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_html, 'html')) 

    raw_message_no_attachment = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_bytes()) 
    raw_message_no_attachment = raw_message_no_attachment.decode() 
    body = {'raw': raw_message_no_attachment} 
    return body 



def create_Message_with_attachment(sender, to, subject, message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file): 
    """Create a message for an email. 

    message_text: The text of the email message. 
    attached_file: The path to the file to be attached. 

    Returns: 
    An object containing a base64url encoded email object. 
    """ 

    ##An email is composed of 3 part : 
     #part 1: create the message container using a dictionary { to, from, subject } 
     #part 2: attach the message_text with .attach() (could be plain and/or html) 
     #part 3(optional): an attachment added with .attach() 

    ## Part 1 
    message = MIMEMultipart() #when alternative: no attach, but only plain_text 
    message['to'] = to 
    message['from'] = sender 
    message['subject'] = subject 

    ## Part 2 (the message_text) 
    # The order count: the first (html) will be use for email, the second will be attached (unless you comment it) 
    message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_html, 'html')) 
    message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_plain, 'plain')) 

    ## Part 3 (attachement) 
    # # to attach a text file you containing "test" you would do: 
    # # message.attach(MIMEText("test", 'plain')) 

    #-----About MimeTypes: 
    # It tells gmail which application it should use to read the attachement (it acts like an extension for windows). 
    # If you dont provide it, you just wont be able to read the attachement (eg. a text) within gmail. You'll have to download it to read it (windows will know how to read it with it's extension). 

    #-----3.1 get MimeType of attachment 
     #option 1: if you want to attach the same file just specify it’s mime types 

     #option 2: if you want to attach any file use mimetypes.guess_type(attached_file) 

    my_mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(attached_file) 

    # If the extension is not recognized it will return: (None, None) 
    # If it's an .mp3, it will return: (audio/mp3, None) (None is for the encoding) 
    #for unrecognized extension it set my_mimetypes to 'application/octet-stream' (so it won't return None again). 
    if my_mimetype is None or encoding is not None: 
     my_mimetype = 'application/octet-stream' 


    main_type, sub_type = my_mimetype.split('/', 1)# split only at the first '/' 
    # if my_mimetype is audio/mp3: main_type=audio sub_type=mp3 

    #-----3.2 creating the attachement 
     #you don't really "attach" the file but you attach a variable that contains the "binary content" of the file you want to attach 

     #option 1: use MIMEBase for all my_mimetype (cf below) - this is the easiest one to understand 
     #option 2: use the specific MIME (ex for .mp3 = MIMEAudio) - it's a shorcut version of MIMEBase 

    #this part is used to tell how the file should be read and stored (r, or rb, etc.) 
    if main_type == 'text': 
     print("text") 
     temp = open(attached_file, 'r') # 'rb' will send this error: 'bytes' object has no attribute 'encode' 
     attachement = MIMEText(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type) 
     temp.close() 

    elif main_type == 'image': 
     print("image") 
     temp = open(attached_file, 'rb') 
     attachement = MIMEImage(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type) 
     temp.close() 

    elif main_type == 'audio': 
     print("audio") 
     temp = open(attached_file, 'rb') 
     attachement = MIMEAudio(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type) 
     temp.close()    

    elif main_type == 'application' and sub_type == 'pdf': 
     temp = open(attached_file, 'rb') 
     attachement = MIMEApplication(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type) 
     temp.close() 

    else:        
     attachement = MIMEBase(main_type, sub_type) 
     temp = open(attached_file, 'rb') 
     attachement.set_payload(temp.read()) 
     temp.close() 

    #-----3.3 encode the attachment, add a header and attach it to the message 
    encoders.encode_base64(attachement) #https://docs.python.org/3/library/email-examples.html 
    filename = os.path.basename(attached_file) 
    attachement.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=filename) # name preview in email 
    message.attach(attachement) 


    ## Part 4 encode the message (the message should be in bytes) 
    message_as_bytes = message.as_bytes() # the message should converted from string to bytes. 
    message_as_base64 = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message_as_bytes) #encode in base64 (printable letters coding) 
    raw = message_as_base64.decode() # need to JSON serializable (no idea what does it means) 
    return {'raw': raw} 



def send_Message_without_attachement(service, user_id, body, message_text_plain): 
    try: 
     message_sent = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=body).execute()) 
     message_id = message_sent['id'] 
     # print(attached_file) 
     print (f'Message sent (without attachment) \n\n Message Id: {message_id}\n\n Message:\n\n {message_text_plain}') 
     # return body 
    except errors.HttpError as error: 
     print (f'An error occurred: {error}') 




def send_Message_with_attachement(service, user_id, message_with_attachment, message_text_plain, attached_file): 
    """Send an email message. 

    Args: 
    service: Authorized Gmail API service instance. 
    user_id: User's email address. The special value "me" can be used to indicate the authenticated user. 
    message: Message to be sent. 

    Returns: 
    Sent Message. 
    """ 
    try: 
     message_sent = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=message_with_attachment).execute()) 
     message_id = message_sent['id'] 
     # print(attached_file) 

     # return message_sent 
    except errors.HttpError as error: 
     print (f'An error occurred: {error}') 


def main(): 
    to = "youremail@gmail.com" 
    sender = "myemail@gmail.com" 
    subject = "subject test1" 
    message_text_html = r'Hi<br/>Html <b>hello</b>' 
    message_text_plain = "Hi\nPlain Email" 
    attached_file = r'C:\Users\Me\Desktop\audio.m4a' 
    create_message_and_send(sender, to, subject, message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file) 


if __name__ == '__main__': 
     main() 

Answer 4

спасибо, @Guillame , @apadana. Ответ Гийома отлично поработал для меня в Win/Python3.7, но с одним изменением. Для всех операторов в 3 печати, мне пришлось удалить «F», как и в изменении:

print (f'An error occurred: {error}') 

в

print ('An error occurred: {error}') 

Также обратите внимание на первую часть ответа @ apandana, чтобы получить ваш client_secret .json. Это было более понятно для меня.